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<title>Processor (computing)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Processor (computing)</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the computer hardware. For software and systems uses, see <a href="Processor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Processor (disambiguation)">Processor § Computing</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> and <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, a <b>processor</b> or <b>processing unit</b> is an electrical component (<a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">digital circuit</a>) that performs operations on an external data source, usually <a href="Memory_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory (computing)">memory</a> or some other data stream.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically takes the form of a <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, which can be implemented on a single or a few tightly integrated <a href="Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, processors were constructed using multiple individual <a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multiple individual <a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or multiple integrated circuits.

</p><p>The term is frequently used to refer to the <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU), the main processor in a system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it can also refer to other <a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessors</a>, such as a <a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> (GPU).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Traditional processors are typically based on silicon; however, researchers have developed experimental processors based on alternative materials such as <a href="Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and alloys made of elements from groups <a href="Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">three</a> and <a href="Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">five</a> of the <a href="Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transistors made of a single sheet of silicon atoms one atom tall and other 2D materials have been researched for use in processors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Quantum_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum processor">Quantum processors</a> have been created; they use <a href="Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">quantum superposition</a> to represent <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> (called <a href="Qubit" title="Qubit">qubits</a>) instead of only an on or off state.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moore's_law">Moore's law</h2></div>

<p><a href="Moore's_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, named after <a href="Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>, is the observation and projection via historical trend that the number of transistors in integrated circuits, and therefore processors by extension, doubles every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The progress of processors has followed Moore's law closely.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing units</a> (CPUs) are the primary processors in most computers. They are designed to handle a wide variety of general computing tasks rather than only a few domain-specific tasks. If based on the <a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann architecture</a>, they contain at least a <a href="Control_unit" title="Control unit">control unit</a> (CU), an <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU), and <a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">processor registers</a>. In practice, CPUs in personal computers are usually also connected, through the <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>, to a <a href="Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a> bank, <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard drive</a> or other <a href="Permanent_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent memory">permanent storage</a>, and <a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>, such as a <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> and <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>.

</p><p><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing units</a> (GPUs) are present in many computers and designed to efficiently perform <a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> operations, including <a href="Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a>. They are highly parallel, and CPUs usually perform better on tasks requiring serial processing. Although GPUs were originally intended for use in graphics, over time their application domains have expanded, and they have become an important piece of hardware for <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are several forms of processors specialized for machine learning. These fall under the category of <a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerators</a> (also known as <a href="Neural_processing_unit" title="Neural processing unit">neural processing units</a>, or NPUs) and include <a href="Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">vision processing units</a> (VPUs) and <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU).

</p><p><a href="Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chips</a> and <a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a> are used for generating and processing audio. <a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processors</a> (DSPs) are designed for processing digital signals. <a href="Image_signal_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Image signal processor">Image signal processors</a> are DSPs specialized for processing images in particular.

</p><p><a href="Deep_learning_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep learning processor">Deep learning processors</a>, such as neural processing units are designed for efficient deep learning computation.

</p><p><a href="Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing units</a> (PPUs) are built to efficiently make physics-related calculations, particularly in video games.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGAs) are specialized circuits that can be reconfigured for different purposes, rather than being locked into a particular application domain during manufacturing.

</p><p>The <a href="Synergistic_processing_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergistic processing element">Synergistic Processing Element or Unit</a> (SPE or SPU) is a component in the <a href="Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a> microprocessor.

</p><p>Processors based on different circuit technology have been developed. One example is <a href="Quantum_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum processor">quantum processors</a>, which use quantum physics to enable algorithms that are impossible on classical computers (those using traditional circuitry). Another example is photonic processors, which use light to make computations instead of semiconducting electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Processing is done by photodetectors sensing light produced by lasers inside the processor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Carbon_nanotube_computer" title="Carbon nanotube computer">Carbon nanotube computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_architecture" title="Multiprocessor system architecture">Multiprocessor system architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_power_dissipation" title="Processor power dissipation">Processor power dissipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann architecture</a></li>

<li><span class="selfreference">All pages with titles containing <i>processing unit</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Electronic_components254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br>devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br>transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li>

<li><a href="CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li>

<li><a href="Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li>

<li><a href="FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li>

<li><a href="Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li>

<li><a href="ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li>

<li><a href="LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li>

<li><a href="Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li>

<li><a href="Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br>transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li>

<li><a href="Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET)

<ul><li><a href="JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET)

<ul><li><a href="Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li>

<li><a href="Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li>

<li><a href="Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li>

<li><a href="Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li>

<li><a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li>

<li><a href="OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li>

<li><a href="Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li>

<li><a href="PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br>devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li>

<li><a href="Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li>

<li><a href="Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li>

<li><a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li>

<li><a href="Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li>

<li><a href="Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li>

<li><a href="Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li>

<li><a href="TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li>

<li><a href="Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li>

<li><a href="Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li>

<li><a href="Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li>

<li><a href="Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li>

<li><a href="Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li>

<li><a href="Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li>

<li><a href="Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li>

<li><a href="Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li>

<li><a href="Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li>

<li><a href="Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li>

<li><a href="Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li>

<li><a href="Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li>

<li><a href="Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Connector

<ul><li><a href="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li>

<li><a href="AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li>

<li><a href="EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li>

<li><a href="Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li>

<li><a href="Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_electronics118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Digital_electronics118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li>

<li><a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Electronic circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a> (HIC)</li>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li>

<li><a href="Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">Emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL)</li>

<li><a href="Erasable_programmable_logic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasable programmable logic device">Erasable programmable logic device</a> (EPLD)</li>

<li><a href="Macrocell_array" title="Macrocell array">Macrocell array</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">Programmable logic array</a> (PLA)</li>

<li><a href="Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">Programmable logic device</a> (PLD)</li>

<li><a href="Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">Programmable Array Logic</a> (PAL)</li>

<li><a href="Generic_Array_Logic" title="Generic Array Logic">Generic Array Logic</a> (GAL)</li>

<li><a href="Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">Complex programmable logic device</a> (CPLD)</li>

<li><a href="Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li>

<li><a href="Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">Field-programmable object array</a> (FPOA)</li>

<li><a href="Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC)</li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">Digital signal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_minimization_for_Boolean_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit minimization for Boolean functions">Circuit minimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">Switching circuit theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_equivalent" title="Gate equivalent">Gate equivalent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Electronics_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Place_and_route" title="Place and route">Place and route</a>

<ul><li><a href="Placement_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Placement (electronic design automation)">Placement</a></li>

<li><a href="Routing_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Routing (electronic design automation)">Routing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transaction-level_modeling" title="Transaction-level modeling">Transaction-level modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">Register-transfer level</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li>

<li><a href="High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Formal equivalence checking</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">Synchronous logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_circuit" title="Asynchronous circuit">Asynchronous logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical state machine</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">radio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephony#Digital_telephony" title="Telephony">Digital telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">cinematography</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Design issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Metastability_(electronics)" title="Metastability (electronics)">Metastability</a></li>

<li><a href="Runt_pulse" title="Runt pulse">Runt pulse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a>

<li><a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a>

<li><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li>

<li><a href="USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a>

<li><a href="Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a>

<ul><li><a href="Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li>

<li><a href="Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li>

<li><a href="Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a>

<li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li>

<li><a href="Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br>architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br>sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li>

<li>Power

<ul><li><a href="IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li>

<li><a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li>

<li>System/3x0

<li><a href="Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tilera ISA</li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Adapteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomasulo's_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br>performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC)

<ul><li><a href="Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li>

<li><a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li>

<li><a href="Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li>

<li><a href="SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li>

<li><a href="Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)

<ul><li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li>

<li><a href="System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li>

<li><a href="Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br>on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br>accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li>

<li><a href="Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a>

<ul><li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br>units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li>

<li><a href="Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)

<ul><li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC)

<ul><li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a>

<li><a href="Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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